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The effective number of turns refers to the number of turns in the spring that participate in the elastic deformation, that is, the number of turns that maintain the same pitch. The number of effective laps is equal to the total number of laps minus the number of support laps.

Increasing the diameter of the spring wire: It can significantly enhance the load-bearing capacity of the spring. This is because an increase in the wire diameter means more material is used to manufacture the spring, thereby increasing the cross-sectional area and stiffness of the spring. Under the same external force, a larger cross-sectional area can disperse stress and reduce the stress value per unit area, thus extending the service life of the spring.